Zida zokonzedwa ndi zida zowumitsa ndizosawerengeka. Kupatula kusiyana kwa physicochemical katundu wa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunika mankhwala, thermophysical katundu wa zipangizo pa kuyanika ndi zofunika zipangizo dongosolo kuyanika pa kutentha ndi zofunikanso zofunika kwa opanga. Nkhaniyi ikupereka njira zina zosankhira zinthu pazida zowumitsira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi opanga.
Makhalidwe Owumitsa Zida
Pakalipano, mazana a mitundu ya zida zowumitsira zapangidwa bwino, ndipo zoposa zana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafakitale. Palinso njira zosiyanasiyana zoyika zida zowumitsa. Kutengera ndi njira yotengera kutentha poyanika, amatha kugawidwa kukhala zowumitsira ma convection (monga zowumitsira mpweya, zowumitsira mpweya, zowumitsira mpweya, zowumitsira madzi, zowumitsira bedi, ndi zina zotero), zowumitsira ma conduction (monga ma rake dryer, roller dryer), ndi zowumitsira ma radiation (monga ma microwave dryers, kutali{3}}zowumitsira ma infrared). Kuphatikiza apo, pali zida zowumitsa zomwe zimaphatikiza njira zingapo zotumizira kutentha, monga zowumitsira paddle.
Zoumitsira zambiri sizikhala-zida zodziwika bwino, makamaka chifukwa chowumitsira chilichonse chimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zowumitsa zambiri zimasintha kutengera ndi zinthu zomwe zimachititsa kuti chowumitsiracho chisinthe komanso zinthu zina. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kufotokozera momveka bwino magawo azinthu zomwe ziyenera kuwumitsidwa, monga momwe zinthu ziliri, mitundu ya chinyezi, kutulutsa, mawonekedwe azinthu panthawi yowumitsa, kukhalapo kwa corrosiveness, flammability ndi kuphulika, kutulutsa magetsi osasunthika, zofunikira zazinthu zina, komanso kutentha kwa zinthuzo, kuti mudziwe magawo osiyanasiyana a chowumitsira. Pachifukwa ichi, zowumitsira zambiri sizingapangidwe{3}}zochuluka; choncho, ndondomeko yopangira zojambulajambula iyenera kumvetsera zachindunji cha zinthuzo komanso kusinthika kwake kuzinthu zogwirira ntchito.
Njira yosankhira zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poumitsa ndizodziwika bwino-. Zida zowumitsira ndizofunika kwambiri pamtengo wowumitsira, ndipo kusankha zinthu moyenera ndi njira yofunikira yowongolera mitengo ya zida. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha zipangizo zowumitsira: Kukwaniritsa zofunikira za zinthu zomwe zikukonzedwa. Ntchito yayikulu yowumitsa zida ndikuwumitsa zinthu zomwe zapatsidwa. Chifukwa chakuti zowumitsa zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhala m’minda yambiri monga mbewu, chakudya, mankhwala, mankhwala, zinthu za m’nkhalango, mapepala, ndi zitsulo, chiwerengero cha zinthu zimenezi n’chosawerengeka. Zofunikira za zinthu zouma zimasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala opangira mankhwala, mankhwala, zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi za ceramic siziyenera kusakanikirana ndi ayoni achitsulo panthawi yowumitsa; Choncho, zipangizo za carbon steel ziyenera kupewedwa posankha zipangizo. Komanso, ngati chinyonthocho chili ndi ma acid, alkalis, mchere, kapena zosungunulira organic, zimatha kuwononga zitsulo zosiyanasiyana. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumawonjezeka, makamaka panthawi yotentha. Choncho, zipangizo zoyenera ziyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi makhalidwe a chinyezi m'zinthuzo.
Pankhani yosankha zinthu motengera mtundu wa zowumitsira, monga tafotokozera kale, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowumitsa, iliyonse ili ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito. Choncho, izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mokwanira posankha zipangizo. Mwachitsanzo, mukaumitsa magnesium oxide mu chowumitsira mpweya, kuthamanga kwazinthu mupaipi ya mpweya ndi kulimba kwa magnesium oxide kumapangitsa kuti paipi yowumitsa iwonongeke kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, -zovala zosagwira kapena kuvala-zosagwira ntchito ziyenera kupangidwira derali. Kuphatikiza apo, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala ndi matenthedwe otsika kwambiri kuposa carbon chitsulo. Choncho, muzowumitsa zipangizo zomwe conduction ndiyo njira yoyamba yosinthira kutentha, ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimasankhidwa kukhala chinthu chachikulu, malo osinthira kutentha ayenera kuwerengedwa potengera kutentha kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsanzo zaumisiri zikuwonetsa kuti posankha zosinthira kutentha kwa nthunzi, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimafunika 30% kuposa malo ochulukirapo kuposa chitsulo cha carbon.
Kusankhidwa kwa zipangizo zowumitsa zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi zinthu ndi kuyanika. Nthawi ina ndinapanga chowumitsira kutentha kwambiri-chimene chimawumitsa mchere wa inorganic ndi kuyambitsa ma polymerization. Mpweya wowumitsa wofunikira unafunika kupitirira madigiri 800, zomwe zinachititsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokwera mtengo kwambiri-chosagwira kutentha. Komabe, poganizira kuti si zipinda zonse zowumira zomwe zili m'malo otentha kwambiri-, kuwerengetsa kunawonetsa kuti -zinthu zosagwirizana ndi kutentha zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito-kutentha kwambiri. Zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwa nthawi yopitilira chaka tsopano.
Kusankha kwazinthu kutengera malo oyika zida: Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale zomwe zili pamwambapa zikwaniritsidwa, zofunikira pakuyika zida pazidazo ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Ngati zidazo zayikidwa mufakitale yamankhwala, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ku zida, makina owongolera, ndi makina amagetsi kuyenera kuganiziridwa mosamalitsa kuti apange njira yoyenera yopangira.
Njira zodzitetezera ku dzimbiri pazida zowumitsira: Zipangizo zambiri zowumira zimakhala ndi zigawo zowotcherera, mbale, ndi masilinda. Chithandizo chachitetezo cha dzimbiri ndichofunikira pazowumitsira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pansipa pali zokumana nazo zachitetezo cha dzimbiri ndi njira zopangira.
Phosphating-passivation process: Popanga zowumitsira bedi zonjenjemera, 70% ya zigawo zake zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha kaboni. Kutembenuka kwa nthawi yayitali pakati pa njira kumapangitsa kuti dzimbiri lipangike pamtunda, zomwe zimafuna ntchito yaikulu yamanja yochotsa dzimbiri musanayambe kujambula. Phosphating-passivation, through electrochemical reaction, imathandizira dzimbiri-zotchinga zitsulo mu sitepe imodzi, kuonetsa mtundu wachitsulo woyambirira kwinaku kupanga filimu yothina yoletsa-dzimbiri. Filimuyi imatha kupirira kutenthedwa ndi mpweya wonyowa kwa masiku opitilira khumi popanda dzimbiri. Ntchito yake ndi yosavuta, imawongolera malo ogwirira ntchito, imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, komanso imapulumutsa antchito ndi chuma. The phosphating{10}passivation solution ili ndi emulsifiers, molybdates, soluble phosphates, ndi ma asidi osiyanasiyana. Njirayi sikugwira ntchito pamitundu yomwe tatchulayi koma ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito poteteza dzimbiri lazinthu zina zofananira kapena mafelemu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira za ufa wa electrostatic popanga zida zoyanika: Utoto wamasiku onse ndi zakumwa zomwe zimakhala ndi ester, ma ketoni, ndi ma hydrocarbon ochuluka, zomwe zimadzetsa mavuto ambiri pakupanga, kusunga, kuyendetsa, ndi kumanga. Zitha kuyaka, zimaphulika, komanso ndi zosatetezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kawo, amasanduka mlengalenga, ndikuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Choncho, opanga zovala zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse akudzipereka kuti apange mitundu yatsopano ya zokutira zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zochepa kapena zopanda pake. Mtundu umodzi watsopano wa zokutira ndi zokutira ufa.
Chivundikiro chapamwamba cha chowumitsira bedi chonjenjemera nthawi zambiri chimakhala chozizira-chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimabweretsa kukwera mtengo. Chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri m'malo mwa chitsulo cha carbon wamba ndi chakuti zipangizozi zidzakumana ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zowononga ndi mpweya panthawi yogwira ntchito, ndipo chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala ndi kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri; choncho, -chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chozizira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kupopera kwa electrostatic kwa zokutira za ufa wa polyester resin pazitsulo wamba wa kaboni kumakwaniritsa kukana dzimbiri ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Chifukwa mtundu uwu wa ❖ kuyanika ufa ndi olimba, cholimba, ndi katundu kukongoletsa zabwino, komanso bwino kunja nyengo kukana ndi kutentha kukana, pamodzi ndi bwino dzimbiri kukana, chalking kukana, gloss, ndi mtundu ntchito, electrostatic ufa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi koyenera mwangwiro kuteteza dzimbiri zipolopolo zowumitsira.
Zokambirana za Welding of Austenitic Nickel-Chromium Stainless Steel Zida zambiri zowumira zimakhala ndi zitsulo zomata, ndipo mapepala ambiri amakhala 1Cr18Ni9Ti (18-8 type). Mavuto a dzimbiri ndi fracture nthawi zambiri zimachitika panthawi yowotcherera. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri moyo wazinthu komanso magwiridwe antchito. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic ndi chitsulo wamba cha kaboni chagona pakutsika kwake kwamafuta, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa matenthedwe pakuwotha, komanso kukana kwambiri kwamagetsi. Chifukwa cha izi, njira zapadera zowotcherera zimafunikira pazitsulo za austenitic. Intergranular dzimbiri ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu a aloyi mkulu zitsulo. Ngakhale chitsulo ichi chokha chimakhala ndi kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri, kuwotcherera kumachepetsa kukana uku. Mitundu ya dzimbiri pakuwotcherera kwa chitsulo cha austenitic ndi: chonse, chokhazikika, ndi intergranular dzimbiri. Fakitale yapakhomo idaitanitsa zida zowumitsa kuchokera kunja. Zolakwika kuwotcherera njira kuonongeka microstructure wa zosapanga dzimbiri chimango fyuluta thumba, kuchititsa intergranular dzimbiri. Panthawi yowumitsa, zinthuzo zinali ndi zigawo za acidic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chiwonongeke mofulumira.
Kutsiliza Monga ukadaulo wowumitsa wakula mpaka pano, monga ukadaulo waukadaulo, kupambana kwake kumadalira osati pamlingo wowumitsa chabe komanso mozama kwambiri pamapangidwe a zida, kusankha zinthu, ndi njira zopangira. Poganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kupanga dongosolo loyenera lopanga zinthu kuli ndi zofunika kwambiri pazachuma.