Zipangizo zowumitsa zowumitsa zimabwera m'mitundu yambiri, zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zikukula mwachangu. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana pazochitika zachitukuko zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse za mitundu ingapo ya zida zowumitsa vacuum, pofuna kuthandizira kusinthana kwa chidziwitso, kuzindikira zovuta zomwe zikuyenera kuthetsedwa pakupanga zida zowumitsa vacuum, ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zida zowumitsa vacuum m'dziko langa.
Kuyanika kwa vacuum kuli ndi ubwino wambiri: kuyanika pamagetsi otsika kumapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wochepa, kuteteza okosijeni ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zouma, ndi kulola kuyanika kwa zinthu zoyaka ndi kuphulika; zimathandiza kuti chinyontho chizitentha m'zinthu potentha kwambiri, kumapangitsa kuti zisungunuke zikhale zosavuta kuuma-zinthu zomva kutentha; imatha kubwezeretsanso zinthu zamtengo wapatali komanso zothandiza kuchokera kuzinthu zouma; ndipo imatha kuletsa kutulutsa kwa zinthu zapoizoni ndi zovulaza kuchokera kuzinthu zouma, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yowumitsa "yobiriwira" yogwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyanika vacuum kukuchulukirachulukira.
Kuipa kwakukulu kwa kuyanika kwa vacuum ndi kufunikira kwa dongosolo la vacuum lomwe limatha kupopera nthunzi yamadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri za zida ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito; ndi otsika kupanga bwino ndi linanena bungwe laling'ono. Asayansi ndi mainjiniya ambiri ayesetsa kwambiri kuthana ndi zofookazi. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha zabwino zambiri zowumitsa vacuum, zinthu zina zimayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowumitsa vacuum. Chifukwa chake, kupanga zida zowumitsa vacuum kuli ndi tsogolo labwino.
1. Chitukuko Chosafanana cha Zipangizo Zoyanika Zosatha Kunyumba ndi Kumayiko Ena
Kupititsa patsogolo kutulutsa kwa zida ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zowumitsa zowumitsa mosalekeza zidapangidwa kumayiko ena kuposa zaka khumi zapitazo. Komabe, ku China, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwaukadaulo komanso malingaliro a anthu, chitukuko chakhala chochepa kwambiri.
1) Lamba-mtundu wa Zida Zoyanika Zosatha za Vacuum
Lamba wa WL-VAQ-mtundu wa vacuum drying equipment wopangidwa ndi Hiska Works, Japan, ndi woyenera kuyanika zinthu zamadzimadzi, slurries, pastes, ndi{2}}zochulukira kwambiri komanso{3}}zowoneka bwino kwambiri. Chida cha BV-100.5 vacuum lamba{8}}chida chowumitsa mosalekeza chopangidwa ndi Okawara Corporation, Japan, chimagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa nthunzi ndi conduction, kutentha kosinthika m'chigawo chilichonse komanso kuthamanga kwa lamba wotumizira komanso liwiro. Bucher-Guyer AG waku Switzerland apanga zida zoyanika zowumitsa mosalekeza za mtundu wa lamba zokhala ndi chipangizo choyeretsera chokha.
Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1995, kampaniyi yakhala ikugwira ntchito yokonza, kupanga, kuika, ndi ntchito ya zipangizo zoyanika lamba-zosalekeza, ndipo umisiri wake ndi wokhwima kwambiri. Zida zowumitsa vacuum zapakhomo mosalekeza sizofala. M’chaka cha 2004, bungwe la Guangdong Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences linapanga bwinobwino kachipangizo kakang’ono koyesera kuunika ufa wa nthochi, chomwe chinasonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
2) Zida Zoyanika Zosatha za Njere
Kuyanika mbewu kumaphatikizapo zochuluka, zomwe zimafuna zida zowumitsa mosalekeza. M'mbuyomu, maiko ambiri adapanga zida zosiyanasiyana zowumitsa mbewu, koma kuumitsa njere kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poumitsa mbewu chifukwa chokwera mtengo. Komabe, ichi ndi lingaliro lolakwika. Malinga ndi Senior Engineer He Xiang wochokera ku Zhengzhou Grain Science Research and Design Institute, zida zawo zowumitsa zowumitsa za chimanga zomwe zidapangidwa mosalekeza zimatha kupanga 60 t/d. Ndalama zokhazikika ndizokwera pang'ono kuposa kuyanika kwa mpweya wotentha, koma ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndizofanana. Poganizira za ubwino wa zouma zouma, kuphatikizapo kusweka ndi kusweka kwa nthawi yowumitsa, mtengo wonse wa kuyanika kwa vacuum pa kutentha kochepa sipamwamba kuposa kuyanika kwa mpweya wotentha.
3) Kuundana Kosalekeza-Zida Zowumitsa
Pokhala ndi zakudya zambiri zopangira zakudya, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowumitsa-zowuma ndikokulirapo. Chifukwa chake, kuzizira kosalekeza kwa chakudya{2}}zida zowumitsira zidawonekera msanga. Mu 1985, kampani ya ku Danish ya ATLAS inapanga CONRAD-800 zowumitsa mosalekeza{7}}zida zowumitsa zowumitsa{13}}khofi wowumitsa, zomwe zimatha kupanga matani 13 patsiku. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa chojambula cha zida izi. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa makina owumitsa owumitsa mosalekeza opangidwa ku Germany.
Chipinda choyamba chopangidwa m'nyumba mosalekeza -zida zowumitsa chinapangidwa bwino ndi Shenyang Refrigeration Technology Research Institute ku 2000. Chipinda chochotseramo mpweya chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi, okhala ndi mbale zodzipatula pakati pa zipinda zolowera / zotuluka ndi chipinda chowumitsa. Malo olowera ndi otuluka ali ndi masikelo odziwikiratu kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa kuyanika, kuchuluka kwa madzi ochotsa, komanso kuyanika komaliza-chakudya chouma. Misampha iwiri yakunja yamadzi imagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana kuti ikwaniritse mosalekeza kutsekereza madzi ndi kusungunuka kwa ayezi.
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakugulitsa kwa zida zowumitsa-zowumitsa mosalekeza pakati pa misika yapanyumba ndi yakunja. Kuchokera mu 1985 mpaka 1990, kampani ya ku Denmark ya ATLAS inagulitsa makina owumitsa 18 mosalekeza-zowumitsira, chimodzi mwa zinthuzo chinagulidwa ndi dziko la Taiwan, pamene dziko la China linali lisanatulutse zida zamtunduwu, ndipo chipangizo chimodzi chopangidwa m’dziko muno sichinagulitsidwebe.
2. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zowumitsa vacuum ikuchulukirachulukira mkati ndi kunja.
Mitundu yatsopano komanso yosiyanasiyana ya zida zowumitsa vacuum yapangidwa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
1) Zipangizo zowumitsa za microwave zimapulumutsa mphamvu ndikuwonjezera liwiro la kuyanika.
2) Kuzizira kopopera-zida zowumitsa zimaphatikiza kupopera ndi kuzizira-kuumitsa, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso kutulutsa kwazinthu. Zinthuzo ziyenera kukhala slurry, zomwe zimapanga micro- ndi nano-tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tikazizira kwambiri, kuonjezera kuyanika ndi kutulutsa zokolola.
3) Vacuum vapor-zida zowumitsa pagawo zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuumitsa mafuta aakulu-ma transformer omizidwa ndi zida zina zamagetsi zofananira nazo. Switzerland idapanga izi m'ma 1970s. dziko langa linayambitsa zida izi m'ma 1980, ndipo pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1990, teknoloji yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo zida zonse zimatha kupangidwa kunyumba.
4) Malo ang'onoang'ono-ayimitse-zida zowumira: Kuti akwaniritse zosowa za masukulu ndi mabungwe ochita kafukufuku, zida zingapo zing'onozing'ono-zoumitsa{4}}zowumitsira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zapangidwa m'dziko muno komanso m'mayiko ena. Zithunzi 4-7 zikuwonetsa zowumitsira -zoumitsira muyeso{9}}zopangidwa ndi a MartinChrist waku Germany, zomwe ndi zazing'ono, zopepuka, komanso{11}}zimagwira ntchito zambiri. Iwo akhoza kwenikweni kukumana ndi kuzizira-kuyanika kuyesa kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Opanga zinthu zingapo m'nyumba, monga Haimen Light Industry Machinery Factory No{13}}, ayamba kutengera ndi kusonyeza masanjidwe, kupanga zinthu zatsopano, ngakhale kuti ntchito yawo sinali yokhazikika mokwanira.
Makina-achipinda chimodzi
M'mikhalidwe ya aseptic, zonse -kuzizira ndi kuyanika kumachitika mu chipinda chokondera.
Dongosolo-zawiri
-Kuzizira kusanachitike-mufiriji wotentha kapena mufiriji wozungulira, ndipo kuyanika kumachitika mu chipinda chowumira pamwamba pa chipinda chotsitsimula.
5) Kuundana-kuwumitsa mtundu wolekanitsa wamankhwala kuzizira-chowumitsira
Zowumitsira chakudya-zimalekanitsa kuzimitsa ndi kuziwumitsa pofuna kusunga mphamvu, kusunga nthawi, ndi kuchulukitsa zokolola. Zowumitsira m'mafakitale{2}}zowumitsira zimamaliza kuzizira ndi kuwumitsa makina mu sitepe imodzi. Makampani ena ku Western Europe ndi ku United States, kuti akwaniritse zolinga zofanana ndi kuzizira chakudya-kuumitsa, kuzizira kale-mankhwalawa ndi kuwatumiza ku choumitsira kuti awunike. Chithunzi chachisanu ndi chitatu chikuwonetsa chithunzi cha chipangizo chomwe chisanayambe{8}kuzizira.
3. Ntchito za zida zowumitsa vacuum zikuchulukirachulukira.
Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wamagetsi ndi makompyuta, makina owongolera ndi ntchito zowonetsera zida zowumitsa vacuum zawonjezeka. Zhengzhou Grain Science Research Institute yopangidwa ndi Zhengzhou Grain Science Research Institute ili ndi zowongolera zodziwikiratu komanso ntchito zowonetsera pazenera; vacuum freeze dryer opangidwa ndi opanga monga Shanghai Dongfulong ndi Beijing Suyuan ali ndi ntchito zingapo monga kuziziritsa-kutsimikiza kwa malo oziziritsa, kuzizira-kapangidwe ka curve, kuyang'anira mmene ntchito ikugwirira ntchito, kusunga kambirimbiri kozizira{3}}zopindika, ndi kusindikiza mfundo za kupanga.
Zipangizo zowumitsa zowumira zakunja nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ntchito zambiri, zambiri zomwe zimaphatikizapo zida za robotic poyesa ndi kuyesa panthawi yowumitsa; zida zina zowumitsa vacuum zozungulira zimakhala ndi ntchito zophwanya ndi granulation; Zowumitsa zopangira mankhwala-zingathenso kupanga granulation.
4. Malingaliro Angapo pa Kupanga Zida Zowumitsa Vuto
1) Kupanga zatsopano ndiye njira yofunikira yopangira zida zowumitsa vacuum
Panopa, chitukuko cha vacuum kuyanika zipangizo ndi pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chimodzi chofunikira ndikutsanzirana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyimirira pamlingo womwewo waukadaulo komanso kusowa kwaukadaulo. Pali mphamvu yamphamvu ndi liwiro potsanzira, koma lingaliro lofooka la zatsopano ndi ndalama zosakwanira. Mpikisano umayang'ana kwambiri gawo la msika, kumanga maubwenzi, ndi nkhondo zamitengo. Njira yabwinoko pang'ono imafuna khama pazabwino komanso pambuyo pa-ntchito zogulitsa. Komabe, izi si njira zabwino zopangira zida zoyanika vacuum; kuyika ndalama m'zantchito za anthu, zida, ndi ndalama ndizofunikira pakupanga zatsopano.
2) Kupulumutsa mphamvu ndiye chinsinsi pakupanga zida zowumitsa vacuum
Kusowa kwa magetsi kwakopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi. Malingaliro achikhalidwe amavomereza kuti zida zowumitsa vacuum zimawononga mphamvu zambiri chifukwa zimafunikira pampu ya vacuum. Komabe, pali kusowa kwa mphamvu zenizeni zofananitsa zofananira zowumitsa zinthu zomwezo ndi chinyezi chofanana. Kunena zoona, kuyanika mu vacuum ndikochepa-kuuma kwa kutentha pamalo otsekedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu isawononge mphamvu. Komabe, kupulumutsa mphamvu pazida zowumitsira vacuum kumakhalabe kofunika kwambiri pakukula kwake. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zida zowumitsira, cholinga chopulumutsa mphamvu pazida zowumitsa vacuum chiyenera kukhala pamapangidwe abwino, kusankha, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito vacuum system.
Palibe ma vacuum ambiri omwe amatha kupopera mpweya wamadzi. Pakalipano, pali magulu awiri akuluakulu: imodzi ndi mapampu omwe amatha kutulutsa mpweya wamadzi mwachindunji, makamaka kuphatikizapo mapampu amadzimadzi, mapampu amtundu wa nthunzi, mapampu a mphete zamadzi, ndi mapampu a mizu yonyowa; ina ikugwiritsa ntchito condensation kuti igwire madzi. Njira zonsezi ndizopatsa mphamvu-zochuluka. Njira yopulumutsira mphamvu zakale iyenera kukhala yopititsa patsogolo kupopera bwino kwa mpope; Njira yopulumutsira mphamvu yakumapeto ndi kupanga mapangidwe ndi kutenthetsa bwino kwa zida monga gasi-zosinthira zotenthetsera zolimba. 3) Zowumitsa zowumitsa mosalekeza ndi njira yofunika kwambiri pakuwonjezera zokolola zazinthu ndikupulumutsa mphamvu.
Poyerekeza ndi zida zowumitsira vacuum, zida zowumitsa mosalekeza zimafunikira nthawi yocheperako, kupulumutsa nthawi ndikuwonjezera zotulutsa. Komanso, mosiyana ndi batch vacuum kuyanika zida, sikutanthauza kutentha zipangizo kusinthasintha ndi mkombero kupanga, potero kupewa kuwononga mphamvu chifukwa Kutentha mobwerezabwereza zida zigawo zikuluzikulu. Choncho, zimapulumutsa mphamvu.
4) Kuphatikiza zida zowumitsa vacuum ndi njira zina zowumitsa ndi njira yopangira yomwe iyenera kulimbikitsidwa.
Kuphatikiza kuyanika kwa vacuum ndi njira zina zowumitsa kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kupanga komanso kuchepetsa mtengo wazinthu. Mwachitsanzo, pazamasamba, zam'madzi, ndi zipatso, kuyanika kwa vacuum kumatha kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zili bwino. Ngati, pambuyo kuyeretsa ndi blanching, mankhwala ndi centrifuged kuchotsa madzi pamwamba ndiyeno zowumitsidwa ndi mpweya ozizira asanatumizidwe kwa vacuum kuyanika zipangizo, kusintha kwakukulu pakupanga dzuwa ndi kuchepetsa mtengo kupanga chingapezeke. Kuphatikizira kuyanika ndi kuzizira-kuwumitsa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zotere.
Njira zambiri zophatikizira zofananira zitha kupezeka poyesera, ngakhale izi zimafuna nthawi, khama, ndi ndalama.
5. Mapeto
Zipangizo zoyanika vacuum nthawi zonse zimakhala zatsopano. Komabe, pali mavuto ambiri. Ngati mafakitale, maphunziro, ndi mabungwe ofufuza angagwirizanitse bwino, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zofunikira kwambiri.